Roman Architecture

Temple of Portunus

*late 2nd century BCE

*Roman architecture

 

 

 

*The Romans architecture came from the base of Greek architecture but had two main differences: First, they took the columns and engaged them into the wall surfaces of the building.  Second, the structure engages you to walk around the whole building but the interior is what you want to see and there’s only one entrance into the building.

Augustus of Primaporta

*early 1st century

*marble

*Roman sculpture

 

 

 

 

*During the Romans time, Mount Vesuvius erupted and ended up destroying important historical cities in Rome such as Pompeii.  There was a complete culture and way of living left in rubble.

The Romans had a very distinct structure to their homes

Atrium – a pool underneath an opening in the ceiling that was the main water source int he house.

Rooms were located off to the sides and there was a garden located in the back that could visibly be seen from the front entrance.

Elements of Roman Architecture

Barrel vault: same manner as the round vault but continuous

Groin vault: when four barrel vaults come together and form a crossing.

Dome: a circular ceiling that is anchored on a 180 degree rotation

Flavian Theatre (Colosseum)

*80 BCE

Roman Ampitheatre

Started under Vespasian and completed under Titus

The floor was covered in sand  and was the base for athletic events, blood sports, animal hunts, fights to the death between gladiators or man vs. animal, also mock sea battles in which the arena would be flooded.

The Pantheon

*128 CE

*Roman architecture

*This is an example of a dome

*A temple to the Olympian Gods

 

 

 

 

The Arch of Constantine

*Roman Architecture     *315 CE     *3 barrel vault passagway

 

 

 

Greek Architecture

The Greek Orders

Doric Order: shafts sat directly on the stylobate without a base.  the shafts were fluted and ranged from five and a half seven times the diameter of the base.  Included alternating metopes and triglyphs above the neck

The Ionic Order: the capital includes a specific spiral volute, continuous sculptured or decorated frieze, and decorative moldings

Corinthian Order: the capitals are stylized with acanthus leaves and this specific order was specifically used inside Greek buildings but eventually used on the outside.

Acropolis: part of the city that remained on top of the hill and served as a fortress and sactuary.  These developed during the High Classical period 450-400 BCE

The Parthenon

*Kallikrates and Iktinos    *430 BC    *Greek architecture

Theater , Epidauros

These Greek theatres were used for religious expression, music, poetry, dance, dramas. They were first made in the fourth century BCE and later.  The structure was sort of a half circle surrounding the base.

 

 

 

 

 

Speaking of theatrical attributes, the sculptures in the Hellenistic period became more dramatic and filled up more of the enclosed space.  There also became more of an interest in sculpting “ordinary” people.

Nike of Samothrace

*180 BCE    *marble   *Greece

 

 

 

 

 

Old Woman

*1st century  *marble

* Greece

 

 

 

 

Greek Sculpture cont.

Greek Sculpture Continued

DORYPHOROS (copy)

-Polyklietos     -5th sentury B.C.     -Bronze      -Greece

tensel strength – ability of the material to support its own weight

Tretus – work of writing                                                                *Polyklietus decides to put down his work of howto make sculptors and proportion. He named the demonstration Canon.

STANDING WARRIOR

-450 B.C.  (High Century)    -Bronze      -Greece

A lot of attention to detail was forming in the sculpture and used shell or bone and paste to make the eyes                                                                                                                                   Dramatic controposto and added heavy concentration on hair and mouth

ZEUS OF ARTEMESIAN

-460 B.C. (High Century)     -Bronze     -Greece

APHRODITE OF KNIDOS

-Praxitelis     -350 B.C. (Late century)      – Marble    – Greece

*this piece marks the time for female nudes                                    *Showed her after or before bathing to ease minds into the female nude

*Lysippos was responsible for representing Alexander the Great

APOXYOMENOS (the scraper)

-Lysippos

-This sculpture was meant to represent a tool of the greek athletes called a scraper.  Althletes put oil on their bodies and then used a scraper to clean up.

-Fun Fact:  Women would buy the excess off of the men as an arousal substance

Greece and Athens/Sparta

Large Scale Figure Sculpture

*Arcaic Period: 700-500 BC

*Classical Period: 500-450 BC

-early classical/severe style/transitional

*High Classical Period: 450-400 BC

-“The Golden Age”

*Late Classical Period: 400-300 BC

*Hellenistic Period: 300 BC……

-meaning the spread of Greek culture

-Alexander the Great (Masedonian)

-teacher was Aristotle

*Hellenenes was the group of people and Hellous was the area of culture, basically what we call today or refer to as Greek.

*The Hellenistic period stops when the Roman Empire took over.

Archaic Statues:

*Formal pose and not focused on the body                                              *male nude/ woman is clothed and women had no voice, no ideas and were considered to be property.                                                         *Men would be seen exercising at the gym and around town during everyday life..in the NUDE

*Kouros (meaning youth)

-marble statue                                                              -590 BC Archaic                                                         -Greek

*Made to honor the deceased and served as tomb markers. They also acted as a votive offering at a temple.

Kore (female for youth) 

-marble statue                                                              -530 BC                                                                          -Greek

*Temendous emphasis on Youth                             -18 to 25 was considered to be the “apex of your life”                                                                               -that’s why all statues are young looking

*Screens – term used in art meaning marble connecting pieces of a statue together *Organic – treatment of the body that shows the actual figure of a body with depth, muscle and bone                                                             *Archaic smile – the same smile (botox smile) : )

Kouros, Apollo of Piracus

-marble     -520 BC    -Greek

*Has a little more gesturing but still mostly the same composition   *Most statues were very pigmented even though the statues we see today or think of today are bleach white.

Kritios Boy, Statue of an Ephebe

-marble    -480 BC  (early classical)    -Greek

*This particular piece was looked at as the transition into the Severe period.  This is the first show of movement in statues, weight shift is present and he has a more organic form to him.

*Controposto – positioned against (tention) half the body is tensed and half is relaxed.  This term was introduced by the Italians.

*The greeks try to grasp the concept of the body:                                   -the Gods were human (religion)                                                               -how the universe worked through the human form                              -believed in individual potential

*Athens is where democracy took hold (5th century)

Egypt

 

*Nile annually floods and allowed fertilization and this marked great importance

*3100 BCE – Narmer was accredited for bringing the 2 Egypt’s together

 

The Palette of Narmar

          -3000 BCE 1^st Dynasty

          -Low relief (Bas – French term for low relief)

          *Example of political/propaganda art

 

Diorite Statue of Khafre from Giza

        -2690-2130 BCE (4^th Dynasty) Old Kingdom

          -Sculpture

 

*BCE – Before Current Era (non religious) or Before Christ

*AD – latin abbreviation for Year of Our Lord

*Idealized (ideal) – the most beautiful defined figure for that culture (in their eyes)

*(God) Heras – associated with the Pharoh and meaning devine approval

 

Pharoh Menkaure and his Wife

          -2490 – 2472 BCE

          -graywacke

          -Giza (Egyptian)

*Belief in the essential part of the spirit (Khaa) lived on through the statue after the Pharoh had passed away

 

*Giza Mastaba tombs from 4^th Dynasty (limestone)

            -came up with bench figures for the tombs and all had a couple rooms and shafts down through the ground where the bodies were.

*Zoser (pharoh) wanted an elaborate tomb

            -hired Imhotep (architect) who designed a step pyramid

            -Imhotep created many great pyramids of Giza (limestone) 2601-2515 BCE

            -these pyramids were built for Menkure, Khafre, and Khufu (descent of kings)

*Tops of pyramids were guilded and when sun hit it, it would shine (Sun God)

            -4 corners were marked by N S E W (compass)

*Sphinx – meaning mysterious one (Greek)

            -lion body/Pharoh head

            -believed that lions were great guardians (believed lions didn’t sleep)

 

 

Alchenaten and Nefertiti

          -Alchenaten tried to change religion in Egypt

          -promoted a naturalistic approach to art making

          -changed his name to Alchenaten because it means apprentice of the Sun God

 

Mesopotamia

 

Ziggurat of the Moon God Narma

            -rebuilt 2100-2050 BCE

            –Accadian – meaning high place (built to “climb” to the gods)

                        -the temple was built at the very top

 

–Extant – meaning to survive or what’s left to see

–Polyolythic – believing in many gods

 

*Each major city had a ziggurat and each one was dedicated to a god or goddess

Cylinder Seal

            -2340-2190 BCE

          -stone

          -showing the combat of animals and heroes

 

*Sr. Woolei – british archeologist/ investigator of the consumer

 

Harp from the tomb of Queen Puabi

          -2685 BCE

          -wood inlaid w/ gold and shell

          -found at Ur

 

Neocrpolis – City of the Dead

Bulls Head Ornament

          -2685 BCE

          -Lapiza gold

          *Panel below the bull: wood inlaid and the figures are made of shell.  Mythical scenes from sandbox of harp and most creatures are in hybrid form (animal and human)

 

Standard of Ur

          -2600-2400 BCE

          -mosaic of shell, red limestone, lapus lazuli

*Standard is a type of flag or sign

*Hierarchal scale: adjusting the scale of figures to fit their importance 

*Profile – frontal view or composite view = unaturalistic pose

 

Votive Vase from Warka

          -3500 BCE

          -fired clay

          -Sumero Akkadien

 

–Stele – large scale stone/ w inscription or relief

 

 

Vistory Stele of the Akkadian King Narram Sin

       

   -2220-2184 BCE

          -limestone

*made to commomerate one of their kings

 

 

 

 

The Code of Hammurabi

          -1792-1750 BCE

          -engraved black basalt

         

*Shamash and Harrarabi exchanging the code of laws at top of piece

Prehistoric Art

History of Altamira

 

*Cave in Spain. Most famous sights and the most extensively studied sights

*The first human cave paintings were discovered by accident.

A Spanish scholar was trying to find tools from the Paleolithic period.  His daughter ran into the cave and found the paintings in 1879.

Entangled Buffalo

          -Altamira cave

          -Late Pal P.D.

Paleolithic Period

 

*It is hard to understand the happenings o this time because there is no documentation. Religion is most important in studying this period.

*These people were known as nomads or hunters and gatherers.  They moved from place to place for these reasons. They also had a leader called a Shaman which is known as the religious leader.

*The whole point to making these images was to conduct a ceremony, not for the final product. The imagery in the images overlap and don’t really make sense because people would go back and put more images on top of other ones in the same, darkest parts of the cage sometimes even thousands of years apart.

Media of the Pal P.D.

–         organic material: animal fat, bone marrow, vegetable oil (known as vehicles)

–         color: plants, berries, clay, charcoal

–         mostly limestone cave walls

–         no paint brushes: leaves, hands, sticks and animal hair

How to Identify Paintings and Times

Caves: Lascaux, Shove and Altamira

Animals: Aurochs, Rhinoceroses, deer, buffalo, horses, lions

Time Periods: Paleolithic – the Old Stone Age

                        Mesnolithic – Middle Stone Age

                        Neolithic – New Stone Age

Naturalistic: meaning the figure resembles the actual figure very well – natural

            -Paleolithians replicate what the saw and some have theory that they were replicating dream sequence as well.

Sculpture was also found in the caves.

            Genre: a group (ex: female body sculptures)

            All the sculptures exentuate the female form

                        -large breasts, large belly, thighs, buckled knees and wide hips

The Venus w/ Gridlike Head

          -limestone

          -Pal P.D.

 

Venus of Willendorf

          -limestone                           

          -Pal P.D.   

Some theory said that women used them to understand their bodies and the practice of reproduction.

All carvings were small (10-12 inch) and portable

Mesolithic P.D.

            -climate began to change and to establish a more secure residence and food source, nomads began farming and domesticating animals for a constant food source.

Neolithic P.D.

more permanent architecture(the artwork of the time)

-dolements – means table.

-common place for them is in Ireland and Northern England.

-used for the dead

            -menhirs – another type of movement in Northern Europe

                        -menhir alignments usually went from east to west and was basically the movement of bodies (graveyards)

            -Stonehenge – arrangement of stones

                        -If in a circle or horseshoe – cromeleck (circle place)

                        -Lintel is the tope piece or horizontal element

                        -Known as the oldest way to construct architecture

                        -purpose of the stonehenges was to ell time and the seasons (first calendar)

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